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چکیده
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Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv) is a competitive C4 weed species that is widely distributed throughout the world. While it originated in warm climatic conditions, in Asia and Europe, it is currently found as far north as Norway. This study aimed to compare the phenological development of plants that come from different climatic conditions. To represent the contrasting climatic conditions within Europe, seeds were collected in Norway and Italy and distributed to the study participants to be sown at 10 different sites as two common populations. In addition to that, seeds of two to three local populations were collected near each of the sites. The development of the plants was monitored in a pot experiment set up under field conditions. The time to reach heading in the first year of the experiment was 77.6% faster (on average, ranging from 45.9 to 98.3%) in the Norwegian than in the Italian population. However, in the leaf development stage, the difference between the common populations was smaller, on average 23.5% (0-46.7%) and mostly not significant. Our results indicate that different E. crus-galli ecotypes, characterized by differences in phenological development, evolved within the distribution area of this species in Europe. However, the early development of the plants progresses with only small differences between populations. The findings reported here can be used to adapt existing models from one region to regions with other climatic conditions for their use in decision support systems and for research on plant population dynamics.
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