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چکیده
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of abiotic stress is a major challenge to crop production, including the first phases of seed germination and plant establishment, that needs to be addressed. Farmers, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries, tend to use excessive amounts of fertilizer to increase the cultivated crop yields. Therefore, the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices is essential to satisfy the increased need for food safety and security in modern society while minimizing dependence on excessive use of agricultural inputs. There is growing interest in the use of Nano-fertilizers (NFs) to enhance seed germination and seedling establishment, crucial stages in the crop production process. Considering the limited number of studies in this field that have investigated the effects of NFs on enhancing seed germination under abiotic stress conditions, this review aims to address this research gap. The detrimental effects of various abiotic stress factors on seed germination parameters were discussed. In addition, NFs and traditional fertilizers were compared. Ultimately, different compositions, applications, current challenges, and future aspects of the application of NFs were explored. This study provided an insightful understanding of the benefits and challenges associated with the application of NFs in the early phase of plant development. By integrating these findings into policy strategies, stakeholders can effectively use nanofertilizers to promote sustainable agricultural practices.
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