Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are central to plant responses under abiotic stress, acting as both damaging agents and signalingmolecules. Tis study explores the balance between ROS production, oxidative damage, and the antioxidant defense mechanismsin plants. Key antioxidant systems include enzymatic defenses (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidases) andnonenzymatic antioxidants (e.g., ascorbate and glutathione). Tese components play critical roles in mitigating oxidative stress.Understanding these mechanisms and their regulation is crucial for enhancing plant stress tolerance. Additionally, investigatingthe role of ROS in signaling pathways that regulate stress responses can provide deeper insights into plant resilience.Future research should focus on the intricate interplay between ROS and other signaling molecules, utilizing advanced omicstechnologies to elucidate these complex interactions. By leveraging these insights, strategies such as genetic engineering,marker-assisted breeding, and metabolic engineering can be employed to develop stress-resilient crops, equipping them towithstand the challenges posed by climate change. Tese approaches will ultimately contribute to global food security andsustainable agricultural practices.
