Abstract Seedling establishment is a pivotal stage affecting crop productivity, highly sensitive to environmental stresses, nutrient limitations, and transplantation shock. Novel fertilizers, including biofertilizers and slow-release fertilizers, have emerged as sustainable tools to enhance early growth. Biofertilizers promote beneficial soil microbes and phytohormone production, while slow-release fertilizers ensure gradual nutrient supply and reduce leaching. Evidence shows these approaches improve root development, morphophysiological traits, and seedling survival. Their effectiveness depends on soil properties, climate, and management. Future research should focus on integrated, site-specific formulations to maximize seedling establishment and early growth potential.
