ABSTRACT Background: This research aimed to assess pH, microbial load, and aflatoxin M1 levels in milk from cattle dairy farms and milk distribution and collection centers in Ilam province. Methods: For this purpose, 84 raw milk samples were analyzed for significant variations in microbial loads and aflatoxin M1 concentrations across different locations. Results: The highest microbial load was found in farms L5 (7.84 log CFU/ml) and the lowest average microbial load was recorded in farms L4 (5.92 log CFU/ml), while collection centres showed an average microbial count of 5.48 log CFU/ml, also linked to L4. AFM1 was found in 84 samples: 65 had levels below 20 ng/g, 17 ranged from 20 to 90 ng/g, and 2 exceeded 150 ng/g, surpassing safety standards. The analysis indicates that young children consuming milk may face health risks from AFM1, notably liver cancer. The increased incidence of elevated liver cancer risk and associated hazard index values in children under the age of seven necessitate the implementation of more stringent regulations regarding AFM1 contamination in dairy products, specifically targeting this demographic. Conclusion: Although the risk of liver cancer declines with advancing age, it is imperative to maintain vigilant monitoring of cumulative exposure to AFM1. This is particularly important for older adults, who may represent a vulnerable population with heightened susceptibility to AFM1-related health complications. Ensuring rigorous surveillance and enforcement of safety standards for aflatoxin levels in milk products is essential for protecting these at-risk groups from potential adverse health outcomes.
