The integration challenge intensifies as offshore wind penetration increases in national grids, particularly in regions where wind farms already contribute substantial percentages of total energy generation. High renewable energy penetration presents grid stability challenges including frequency regulation difficulties, voltage control complications, and reduced system inertia. Conventional grid stability control methodologies developed for synchronous generation systems prove inadequate for managing the dynamic interactions between offshore wind farms and modern power systems (Farrar et al., 2023). The inherent variability of wind resources, coupled with the potential for simultaneous multiple turbine failures under common environmental conditions, further compounds grid management challenges. Additionally, mechanical reliability failures possess the capacity to trigger grid disturbances that propagate beyond individual turbine or wind farm boundaries.
