The integration of technology in language testing has revolutionized the field, offering innovative solutions for assessment. However, cultural considerations remain a critical aspect that influences the validity and fairness of these tests. This review explores the multifaceted cultural dimensions in technology-based language testing, emphasizing the need for culturally responsive assessment practices. The primary focus is on identifying cultural biases inherent in test design, administration, and interpretation, and proposing strategies to mitigate these biases. Cultural bias in language testing can manifest in various forms, including content bias, linguistic bias, and construct bias. Content bias occurs when test materials reflect the cultural knowledge and experiences of the dominant group, disadvantaging test-takers from diverse backgrounds. Linguistic bias involves the use of language that may be unfamiliar or challenging for non-native speakers, affecting their performance. Construct bias arises when the constructs being measured do not hold the same meaning across different cultures, leading to inaccurate assessments of language proficiency. The review highlights several key strategies to address these biases. First, involving diverse cultural perspectives in the test development process can help ensure that test content is inclusive and representative. Second, employing adaptive testing technologies that tailor questions based on the test-taker’s cultural and linguistic background can enhance fairness. Third, incorporating intercultural competence as a component of language assessment can provide a more holistic evaluation of language skills, recognizing the importance of cultural context in communication. Furthermore, this review discusses the role of technology in facilitating culturally responsive assessments. Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning offer promising avenues for developing adaptive and personalized language tests. These technologies can analyze test-taker responses in realtime, adjusting the difficulty and content of questions to better align with the individual’s cultural and linguistic profile. Additionally, the use of multimedia and interactive elements can create more engaging and culturally relevant testing experiences. While technology-based language testing presents significant opportunities for innovation, it is imperative to address cultural considerations to ensure equitable and valid assessments. By adopting culturally responsive practices and leveraging technological advancements, language testing can become more inclusive, accurately reflecting the diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds of testtakers.
